História e educação : uma análise do racismo no futebol a partir da imprensa negra paulista

Abstract

Knowing that, in the 21st century, football is present in the lives of millions of people around the world, when consulting the history of this sport, it is clear that it was established bythe white elite of the time as a moment of family interaction among their peers, a situation thatundeniably causes some astonishment nowadays. It is a fact that such interaction has gained dimension and continues to expand across the globe due to the passionate and participative adhesion of the media, which support large or small national or local communities, while at thesame time moving the lucrative “ball market”. Thus, based on the articles in black newspapers,the object of investigation is analyzes of the way in which racism in football was portrayed bythe Imprensa Negra Paulistana, in the mid-twentieth century. It is also intended to denounce structural racism, which has been and still is present in the football universe to this day (ALMEIDA, 2019). In this sense, based on Kellner's Cultural and Decolonial Studies epistemology (2001 and 2006); Giroux (2003); Hall (2016); Brandão (1995); Freire (2019); Munanga (2005); Munanga and Gomes (2016); Fanon (1968); Moura (2003) and Helal (1997), we justify the choice of theoretical foundations by identifying in the cultural industry products a structure that is determinant in the media. Furthermore, such products are a cultural phenomenon and necessary for studies of society as a whole, considering that these theories cancontribute to a cultural pedagogy, which is conditioned to an anti-racist educational policy. Therefore, our methodology will be qualitative based on a critical reading of the media, as studied by Kellner and with a theoretical basis in Cultural Studies. In this sense, the starting point will be the analysis of some newspapers of the time that reported the participation of blackplayers in football, as well as their way of life, linked to the black community. Thereby, presenting its cultural characteristics to visualize the history of resistance and resignification through newspapers that roamed the streets, neighborhoods and avenues in different locations in Brazil. However, Kellner (2001) corroborates and legitimizesthe need for a “media pedagogy” through Cultural Studies that teach how to critically decode media messages. Also,investing in teaching how to read and analyze media texts, as well as written texts, to enable the use of its technologies as an anti-racial pedagogical tool, with the purpose of transforming society, contributing directly to football and with the media for the extinction of structural racism that permeates the world. Finally, this research already indicates some significant results, considering that the articles or news, which were headlines in the newspapers of the Imprensa Negra Paulista, were, in a way, denouncing racism. On the other hand, they demonstrated the need for recognition and acceptance of the historical cultural importance of the black community. Thus, it is concluded that, until this moment of investigation, black players and their peers have resisted against various power structures that have established themselves and continue to dictate which social groups should be part of the sport, whether within the four lines of the field or out of them.